Carbohydrate

What is a carbohydrate?
 

carbohydrate are the compounds that contain   C(H2O) group. General formula of carbohydrate.

Properties of carbohydrate :

➤ They are colourless crystalline compounds having a sweet taste.
➤ fermentation by yeast and other micro- organisms.
➤ Carbohydrate are optically active.
➤ chemically they are time daily derivatives of polyhydric alcohols.
➤ Can act reducing agent.
➤ can condense and form figger carbohydrate molrcules e.g polysaccharides.

Classification:
Based on the sinple sugar units in the molecule, carbohydrates are classified into form major groups as follows;

☞ Polysacchsrides
☞ Oligosaccharides
☞ Disaccharides
☞ Monosaccharide.

Polysacchsrides:

The carbohydrate that yield more than 10 Molecules of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. example - starch, dextrin, Glycogen, etc.

Oligosaccharides :

The carbohydrate that yield 2-10 monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. Examples - Rabinose, Raffinose, Rhamninose, Maltotriose.

Disaccharides:

The carbohydrate that yield 2 of the same of different Monosaccharide when hydroyzed. examples - maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

Monosaccharide:

The carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed futher into simpler forms.They contain only one unit of simple sugar. examples - glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, etc.

Sources of carbohydrates:

There are three main sources of carbohydrates-
1. Starch ;  Starches are present in cereals and millets, roots, tuber and in plant stems.
2.  Sugars ;  These comprise the monosaccharide and the disaccharides.
3.  Cellulose ; Thisis the fibrous substance lining fruits, vegetables and cereals.

Starh;

Starch is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined togetherby glycosidic bonds. It is found in cereals, potatoes, legumes and others.

Glycogen:

glycogen it is the storage form of poly saccharide in animal body. Dietary Source of glycogen
⇨ Liver
⇨ Muscle
⇨ Brain
⇨ Fungus.

Cellulose:

It is the main carbohydrate component of plant. Cellulose is totally absent in animals. Cellulose cannot digested by human. It acts as essential dietary fibre and helps in regular bowel movement.